Which of the following oxidation states are the most characteristic for lead

Which of the following oxidation states are the most characteristic for lead and tin respectiviely?

Options

(a) 2,4
(b) 4,4
(c) 2,2
(d) 4,2

Correct Answer:

2,4

Explanation:

When ns² electrons of outermost shell do not participate in bonding then these ns² electrons are called inert pair and the effect is called inert pair effect.Due to this inert pair effect Ge,Sn and Pb of group IV have a tendency to form both +4 and + 2 ions, Now the inert pair effect increases down the group, hence the stability of M²⁺ ions increases and M⁴⁺ ions decreases down the group. For this reason, Pb²⁺ is more stable than Pb⁴⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ is more stable than Sn²⁺.

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